I. INTRODUCTION:
This study and analysis was
conducted in Debre Zebit, North
Wollo, Amhara, Meket Woreda. Located
in North Wollo Zone which is 182 Km from Bahir Dar, the capital city of Amhara
region in Ethiopia, via Lay Gayent, 145 Km from Woldia. There are 8360 (4092
male 4268 female) people recorded in the kebele this year[1].
The CNA (Community Needs Assesment)
is an overview of current community standing of institutions resources and
issues, as well as wishes and hopes in which direction the community wants to
grow. By analyzing resources and needs a more effective plan on achievable and
successful projects can be made.
II. INFORMATION COLLECTION TECHNIQUES:
This information was gathered both
by interviews and personal observations. A thorough interview was held with
each of the major institutions Health Clinic, school, Farmer Training Center,
and local tree nursery. Day to day observations were made of the town and
layout, observing natural structures, resources and small business practices. Job
shadowing of both a teacher and an agriculture DA was conducted on multiple
days. In addition inquires of statistics and surveys already conducted in the
town was looked into both in physical copy and online search for information. A
community map and seasonal calendar were developed with help of DA’s at the
FTC. Personal analysis of slope and land use were conducted through the mapping
tool QGIS. And finally a priority ranking of projects was established with my counterpart
Endawke Yohanes.
III. COMMUNITY PROFILE:
History of your community:
The Debre Zebit community was established around 1878 EC. The town was
established because of flat ground and water resources available making it a
prime location to establish a farming community.[2]
Geographic characteristics: the Town is situated on the top of a
very large plateau at 2900m above sea level[3]. The plateau is large and stretches
across multiple woredas. The woreda Meket both includes this plateau as well as
the land beneath it. As a result though the main town of Debre Zebit is located
along the road at 2800m[4] many of the farmers also
live beneath the mountain ranging to 1800m[5]. This makes reaching the
other members of the community that are not atop the plateau much more difficult.
|
Age
|
Male
|
Female
|
Total
|
Percent
|
|
0-5
|
1007
|
968
|
1975
|
23.6244
|
|
6-17
|
1021
|
994
|
2015
|
24.10287
|
|
18-24
|
580
|
543
|
1123
|
13.43301
|
|
25-44
|
705
|
752
|
1457
|
17.42823
|
|
45-64
|
598
|
532
|
1130
|
13.51675
|
|
65+
|
357
|
303
|
660
|
7.894737
|
|
Total
|
4268
|
4092
|
8360
|
It should also be noted that as shown on the
population chart there is a drop in population in the years 18-24. The reason
could be attributed to either leaving for university or simply moving away from
town to find better job opportunities.
The Main type of work conducted in
Debre Zebit is that of a farmer. According to the FTC records 98% of the
population are farmers.[7] The rest of the population
centering around the main road are teachers, administration workers,
police/guards, FTC DA’s along with Bajaj drivers, small store, restaurant, coffee,
and tea houses owners. Many people have an additional small businesses on the
side such as a sewing machine, mill, hay mattress manufacture, Gabi weave, pool
table and raw materials purchased then refined and sold at market (suro,
berbery, cotton exc). The unemployed find work at odd end jobs, like shint bet
construction, new buildings, or “Safety Net” work centered on watershed
management.
Communications:
Transportation:
Both bus and Bajaj transportation is available. Though there is no bus stop in
town the minibuses come through town 2-4 an hour. However these minibuses are
often crowded and full making it sometimes necessary to wait several hours for
transport. The two nearest towns that provide bank, post and wider selection of
shopping options are Flaket or Nefas Mucha both are 10 birr to travel too.
Travel to Flaket is easier due to Bajaj transportation in addition to minibus
transport. However Bajaj will only take you half way to Agrit resulting in a
need to transfer. When transport is in higher demand like market day (Saturday
and Monday) or the end of the day transport cost can increase from 10 birr to
as much as 20 birr.
Road condition:
The main road is a paved road built by a Chinese company only a 5 years ago.
This road runs all the way from Bahir Dar to Woldia. However it does not go up
through the desert to Labibella, though there is currently construction for
such a road. The road is in fairly good condition aside from a few locations
that weathering has damaged it. The rest of the Kebele must be traveled via
dirt paths and some more treacherous mountain paths. There are a few areas that
cobble stones have been poorly attempted but never finished such as the path to
the town center or the path to market.
Telephones:
there are no land lines in the kebele but a cell tower is present and solar
generated. Coverage is very good and we usually don’t have many network outages
that last more than a few hours. Further the ability to use network for
internet is good and usually quite consistent though costly.
Education:
There is one primary school in the
town teaching 1st- 8th grade with 1305 students and 3
extension schools in the kebele teaching grade 1st-4th
grade totaling 750 students[8]. In order to attend 9th
-10 grade students must travel to the adjacent Kebele Kokit and further to the
main woreda town of Flakit for 11th-12th grade.
Below is a grad
breakdown by gender for the accumulated schools of Debre Zebit[9]
|
Total
Grade and Gender Distribution for Debre Zebit School Cluster
|
|||
|
Grade
|
Male
|
Female
|
Total
|
|
1st
|
164
|
171
|
335
|
|
2nd
|
158
|
201
|
359
|
|
3rd
|
172
|
139
|
311
|
|
4th
|
158
|
136
|
294
|
|
5th
|
155
|
131
|
286
|
|
6th
|
108
|
107
|
215
|
|
7th
|
51
|
91
|
142
|
|
8th
|
55
|
58
|
113
|
Though the school Administration
claims only 33 students are not attending[10] the English teacher
Berhanu Chekola said that this year has been particularly hard getting students
to school due to the low rain fall. The teachers have been told to go out and
collect students even from other kebeles if they must. But the student’s families
cannot afford the school supplies this year due to small harvests[11]. Looking at the grade
breakdown of attendance each subsequent year holds fewer and fewer students. In
part due to need at home and in part due to traveling further and further to get
to school after year 4, 8, 11, and university respectively. Many students will
not attend school every day, in part because many students must hike up a cliff
to reach the main town where the students go to school after 4th
year. Also many students are kept home to work the fields with their families.
The school also provides services
for deaf and blind students through the two special needs teacher. On record
there are 29 special needs students; 14 blind (4 male 10 female) 14 deaf (9
male, 5 female) and one blind and deaf male student.
There is an Environment Club at the
school also referred to as the “Garden Club”. The focus of the club is on
farming and last year managed a school garden. Children are assigned weekly
duties such as watering and weeding the garden. Official meeting happen once a
month on the 21st after school is over at 5pm. The end of year
meeting before summer included a question game show and guest speakers from the
Woreda Office, yearly participation rewards and dancing.
Further the primary school has good
English club which is looking for further development called Mini Media
including activities such as drama and music. Official meetings are on the 29th.
Below
is a list of all clubs in the main Debre Zebit School, though the records of
male and female attendance are from 2006 EC it gives a reference for general
size and gender distribution. I’m told the clubs, chairperson and meeting dates
are all the same from 2006 EC[12]
|
clubs
|
activity’s
|
chairman
|
male
|
female
|
total
|
monthly meeting
|
|
|
1
|
civics and ethical education
|
behavior
|
Habten Babur
|
18
|
25
|
43
|
29th
|
|
2
|
mini media
|
music, drama, English practice
|
brehanu chekola
|
30
|
20
|
50
|
29th
|
|
3
|
Physical Education
|
Sports
|
Turu Werk
|
30
|
20
|
50
|
29th
|
|
4
|
science and technology
|
engineering
|
Mogist Aduna
|
40
|
30
|
70
|
12th
|
|
5
|
gender club
|
gender equality
|
Emet Adana
|
-
|
56
|
56
|
27th
|
|
6
|
Environmental education
|
garden
|
Leo Mare
|
25
|
20
|
45
|
21st
|
|
7
|
library
|
reading
|
Melish Brehan
|
30
|
22
|
52
|
29th
|
|
8
|
hiv
|
hiv education and prevention
|
Abay Tesfo
|
30
|
20
|
50
|
29th
|
|
9
|
hidase dam
|
teach about the Abay dam
|
Wanay Makonan
|
14
|
12
|
26
|
23rd
|
|
10
|
traffic
|
car dangers
|
Ababich Sandaku
|
59
|
27
|
86
|
16th
|
|
11
|
peace
|
tolerance education
|
Bizuye Tarike
|
24
|
24
|
48
|
19th
|
|
12
|
hygiene and sanitation
|
health protection
|
Tarike Mandefro
|
22
|
15
|
37
|
12th
|
|
13
|
tax
|
how to pay taxis
|
Mogis Aduna
|
38
|
20
|
58
|
12th
|
|
14
|
tomorrow teachers
|
training future teachers
|
Demos Baleta
|
19
|
45
|
64
|
29th
|
|
15
|
civic
|
support poor students
|
Malke Mabratu
|
40
|
16
|
56
|
21st
|
|
16
|
gostamari
|
improve participation of students
|
Wanay Makonan
|
50
|
25
|
75
|
12th
|
|
17
|
children protect
|
first aid
|
Saman Edimasu
|
17
|
45
|
62
|
21st
|
Agriculture and
Environment:
Debre Zebit is first and foremost a rural Farming town. 98% of the
working population within Debre Zebit are farmers[13].
Of the 3425 ha in Debre Zebit 1069 ha are dedicated as farm land[14]. The
main farming system is still the traditional form of ox with traditional plough
and broadcast sowing[15].
The FTC is promoting a shift to row planting and developing flood irrigation.
Farmers and non-farmers alike do plant small scale gardens in their
yards aside from the main crops. Mostly they plant onions and Garlic, though
some also plant Cabbage, peppers, chard, beets, or tomatoes in a few garden
beds[16].
Further some families plant Dubduba (a large squash that looks like a
watermelon on the outside) along fences as a lattice. Some add compost as soil amendments
but scatter sowing is common for these garden beds (though model farmers are
implementing line sowing) and weeding is only done occasionally. The garden
area is around 250 m2 [17].
Cultivating the ground beneath a bed to break up clay layer is uncommon though
adding soil atop the ground to raise it up is common practiced. The farmers
which do produce compost use the dug earth method and usually 3m3 [18].
There is one Farmers Training Center (FTC) in the community located
centrally in the town directly next to the primary school, health center and
administration office. Within the FTC is 1.8 km2 of land that is
used as a demonstration site currently for multiple projects. Listed below:
·
A
large garden of 10 beds of approximately 1x5m used to grow cabbage, carrots,
kale, garlic, and beets. Three dug compost piles are in the garden area, of
about 2x6m and 1m depth and used as soil amendments for the garden beds.
·
A
heard of sheep and a single male imported ox are kept in a barn like enclosure
and let out to graze the FTC grounds twice a day under supervision. The ox has
been used for breeding. A development of a chicken coop was attempted this
summer but the chicks were eaten soon after purchase.
·
The FTC also has three water catchment ponds
dug, though only two are operational. One in cement lined and designed to
connect to ditches funnelling roof run off, the second is plastic lined and
located closer to the field.
·
The
fields are used in demonstration of line sowing and is currently growing an
improved wheat variety. A smaller field is growing potatoes.
·
In
the field they have built contour ditch and berms to prevent erosion, further
they have been planting trees in the open areas and around the perimeter of the
fields.
·
This
summer apple trees were planted to develop an example orchard in the coming
years.
·
Finally two modern bee hives are kept on the premises.
Trainings such as line sowing fertilizer application and new technology
demonstrations are done on the field at the FTC watched by around 60 farmers at
a time. The DA’s also will go out and help farmers set up their own compost
pile and do line sowing on demonstration fields outside the FTC such as the
school field, health centre field, and model farmer fields.
Seasonal Calendar
of FTC[19]
|
|
Tseday
|
Bega
|
Belg
|
Kremt
|
|
Crops grown
|
Root and veg
crops
|
Root and veg
crops
|
Potato and
maize and sorghum
|
Sowing:
cereal, grain, maize,
|
|
Trainings at
FTC
|
Irrigation,
harvesting,
|
Irrigation,
land prep (plowing),
|
Compost, row
sowing, fertilizer application
|
Sowing grain,
and row sowing, fertilizer application, pesticide, weeding,
|
|
Projects held
|
Soil and
water conservation
|
Soil and
water conservation use
|
Tree seedling
prep,
|
Tree planting
|
In the Meket Woreda there are 7 towns which have tree nurseries; Debre
Zebit, Kokit, Sisiyay, Dibiko, Berafaf, Hamusit and Boya[20]. The
two closest tree nurseries are that which is in Debre Zebit and Kokit. Debre
Zebit site, though within the kebele, is difficult to get to, requiring an hour
long hike down from the plateau and a hike back up when finished. The tree nursery
in Kokit (next town over) is a short 10 min Bajaj ride (10km) followed by a 10
min hike along mostly flat ground (.5 km) and holds a more advanced nursery
site with apple tree experts.
The Debre Zebit nursery site was established 3 years ago for the purpose
of soil and water conservation. The site is approximately 3 km from main town
and FTC however it is at the bottom of the plateau and difficult to travel to.
The seedlings are planted in June and July and allowed to mature for only two
months before being transplanted to hillsides at the start of rain season[21].
The tree seedlings are managed on a family farm and a few additional workers
totalling 20 workers[22].
Seeds are received from the Woreda and are watered from a dug water pond that
saved rain and stream water and is then flood irrigated. After the trees are
transplanted to the hillsides the farm plants potatoes and onions in the same
space.
|
Tree Species
|
forging/native
|
Tree Use
|
numbers grown
|
When planted
|
|
Eucalyptus
|
foreign
|
Wood/lumber
|
15000
|
June/July
2months
|
|
Suspania
|
native
|
forage
|
300000
|
June/July 2
month
|
|
Trilusur
|
native
|
forage
|
150000
|
June/July 2
months
|
There is very limited environmental education in my community. In the
schools environmental ed. is present in the Biology classes and in the
Environmental club but in limited quantity. The environmental club is led by
Leo Mare and main activity is a school garden. Outside of school there is education
through the watershed conservation programs run by the FTC. The people mainly
participating in building check dams and contour trenching are those part of
the Safety Net program. Though individual farmers have agreed to the contouring
for soil conservation purposes.
Social issues: Issues in the community center around poverty and
hunger. There are many family’s participating in the Safety Net program
designed for food security and public works but moor people wish to participate
than are excepted. last year there were 1671 beneficiaries of the program[24].
Resources in the
community:
Natural Resources: according to the FTC there are 1090
ha of Trees, 5 ha of streams, 3 rivers, 2 small lakes (lakes 50m2)
in Debre Zebit.[25]
In Addition it is said by the DA’s that wild life includes the baboon, tiger,
small monkey, hyena, Ethiopian wolf, aardvark, and bat eared fox[26] though quantities were
not mentioned.
Community Map[27]:
Community Organization
Table[28]
|
Community Group
|
MISSION
|
MEMBERS
|
PROJECTS
|
|
Iddir 1
|
Community contribution for funerals
(Town 1)
|
Goshe Makonet
(pres.)
Worge Muchaye (sec.)
Gate Mulalem (tres.)
270 members
|
Funeral prep
|
|
Iddir 2
|
“”
(Town 2)
|
Tesfa Mokonan
(pres.)
Tesfay Yarid (Sec.)
Goro Asefa (tres.)
190 members
|
“”
|
|
Iddir 3
|
“”
(Zigay)
|
Emagne Lebay (pres.)
Manges Adisu (Sec.)
Balay Dubala
(Acount.)
205 members
|
“”
|
|
Iddir 4
|
“”
(Dabiza)
|
Mangey Mokonan
(pres.)
Enanaw Agnge (sec.)
Maqey Tegey (tres.)
180 members
|
“”
|
|
Iddir 5
|
“”
(Kola Debiza)
|
Fiker Desey (pres.)
Warash Yesu (sec.)
Mokurya Adebaby (tres.)
125 members
|
“”
|
|
Iddir 6
|
“”
(Gideba)
|
Gety Begoye (pres.)
Wandimy Worey (sec.)
Kes Inouy Mangiste
(tres.)
133 members
|
“”
|
|
Iddir 7
|
“”
Ambotija
|
Demeka Asafe (pres.)
Worku Getana (sec.)
Achenef Mereti (tres.)
115 members
|
“”
|
|
Iddir 8
|
“”
Emdgat
|
Kanye Tarkgen (pre.)
Sambel Maquanent
(sec.)
Melesa Demedy (tres.)
139 members
|
“”
|
|
Mahabarat
|
Farmers Co-op
|
Mula Makonan (pres.)
Yohanes Makonan (acoun.)
Kes. Werku Alen
(Tres.)
Berhan Ama (distr.)
Belay Dubal (distr.)
Kondy Muche(distr.)
Babu Mangiste (distr.)
460 members
|
Fertilizer, Salt, Sugar, Students supplies, Soap, Seeds,
|
·
11
churchs: Kidanmehret (2), Mekhal, Gorges (2), Mariam (3), Gabriel, Kiros,
Kuskwam
·
4
schools: Debre Zebit(1-8), Dabeza (1-4), amboticha (1-4), Midichat (1-4)
·
2
sport fields: Debre Zebit school field, Dabeza school field
·
26
wells
Government Institutions and Programs[30]
·
FTC,
Safety net, 4 schools, health center,1 health clinic, police station, Kebele
administration building, Tree Nursury, environmental conservation activities,
IV. STRENGTHS & OPPORTUNITIES
The Community of Debre Zebit has a
lot going for them. Despite being a rural town in a small Woreda, Debre Zebit
has schools, health center, and FTC. Also this FTC is considered one of the
most active with so many projects going and looking to start new ones. These
projects include terracing, water and soil conservation, bee keeping, a new
apple orchard, reforestation, and promotion of new animal breeds. Debre Zebit further
has good cell signal, electricity, a main paved road linking it easily to major
cities, a farmers Co-op making distribution of fertilizer available to members,
and a wealth of classes available through the school, health center and FTC.
Members of this Kebele are
motivated always finding small things to make and sell, growing gardens even in
the smallest plots increasing food security, and always curious and asking
questions. The people have already helped to contour trench many of the “at
risk” farms planting trees on steep hill sides and are working at
rehabilitation of gullies. Many members come to town and farmer meetings
showing engagement in where this town is headed.
V. CHALLENGES, WEAKNESSES and GAP ANALYSIS
The major factors inhibiting food
security lies heavily in the environment, large swaths of land have already
been eroded down to rock and cannot be even reforested. Further the farmers are
struggling with loss of soil fertility and farmers do not grow a diversity of
nutritious foods found in other kebeles. Few farmers grow carrots, beets,
chard, or fruits like apples, mangoes, and avocadoes, though they can be grown
within Debre Zebit with some assistance. As a result those items when available
don’t make it to market or they are sold at high prices. Also there is high
resistance to new crops or foods due to it not culturally/historically being
part of their diet.
Though rain is plentiful during the
rainy season very few rain catchment and irrigation systems are set up
resulting in lost opportunities for second harvests and a dependence on
consistent rain. When years like this one were rain was lower than usual happen
farmers become less secure and can’t send their children to school.
Though farmers will sometimes
rotate their crops they have mostly the same types of cereal crops being grown
instead of following a nutrient balances system which will threaten the long
term health of the soil. Soil amendments are done mostly for small gardens and
usually only incorporate compost. Alternative soil amendments are not known and
reliance on artificial fertilizer is high.
Knowledge of the intercropping
concept exists but the understanding of root structures, compatible growing
times, supportive plants, and spacing is lacking and as a result no one
practices it.
Steep slopes to travel from the
lower Kebele to the plateau make a large divide in availability of resources
and knowledge to farmers lower in the Kebele. Further during rainy season the
climb up to the plataue can be treacherous. As well since so much high slope is
present in the kebele, erosion is a serious problem and much more must be done
to preserve the land.
Slope map of Mekiet
Woreda and Kebele 011 (Debre Zebit)[31]
The primary trees in the Kebele are
Eucalyptus trees, which are known for being water hungry and to possess toxins
which inhibit growth of other plants. Though there is an effort to reintroduce Suspania
and Trilusur (two native trees used for forage) in the watershed, there is very
few farmers who seek to plant anything but Eucalyptus trees believing them of
most economic value. Teachings on agroforestry is nonexistent and farmers
rarely incorporate any trees into their fields.
In regards to schools, while talking
to both students and teachers at the school it has been noted that the students
who have been learning English for 8 years may have excellent written
grammatical skills yet they have little to no ability to speak. Desire to have
verbal practice is present but sufficient verbal coaching is nonexistent. It
has also been expressed that teaching on HIV and family Planning is minimal and
that the schools would benefits from such a program.
VI. POSSIBLE
PROJECTS
Current projects
Beekeeping:
beekeeping is present in my community and the FTC is trying to promote modern
and traditional Hives. I can support this project by giving management
trainings to bee keepers of farmers that wish to transition away from the
traditional hive. I can further teach about honey processing and other bee wax
products.
Compost
training: the FTC is currently working with Farmers on setting up annual
compost piles. They mainly teach the dug composting method. I could potentially
teach the alternative heap style compost method which has less work involved in
set up and may be more appealing to certain individuals.
Environment/Garden
Club: the environment club has a focused on teaching students about gardening.
I can enhance this by setting up a permagarden and teaching about water saving,
companion planting, intercropping, crop rotation, and composting.
Reforestation:
the current tree nursery is far away and has poor tree raising techniques. I
propose starting an additional tree nursery at the school with the environment
club. This would be closer to FTC, easier to manage, and teach children about reforestation.
Watershed
management: the FTC works in contour trenching and Check Dams for Watershed
management this can be promoted more and perhaps have education included for
the community so it’s not just work, but something they can own as a community
goal and take pride in. (erosion class)
English
Club: the English club dose minor amounts of interactive and verbal practice, I
wish to team up with the English teacher to meet after school weekly rather
than monthly, to do skits and games. Many students have complained of a lack of
verbal skills practice, I will make myself available afterschool once a week
for simple practice and home work help.
Potential/Future
Projects
Permagarden Development: after
Creating my own example Permagarden at the FTC interest has been garnered as to
how and why my Garden was made in this particular fashion, though it does take
some planning little imputes are necessary and can be found around the
compound. I would like to do small group trainings, a family and a few friends
in a compound, and from there move from group to group. I would like to use
this as a spring board for promoting the consumption of beet greens. This would
help meet needs for nutrition and food security, as well as possible sources of
income.
Intercrop Training: though people
are interested in the Permagardens, most people do not think they can attend a
full week long training (even for only two hours a day). But many people have
shown an interest in intercrop trainings. I have done 7 intercropping trainings
that were prompted spur of the moment by locals so far. Intercropping would
help increase crop resilience to disease, balance soil nutrition and increase
overall yield. All that is required is seeds and knowledge, this can be used to
garner interest in classes on soil amendments and crop rotation cycles.
Roof water catchment systems: in my
compound a make shift gutter has been set up to fill buckets during the rainy
season, this only attempts to cache two or three buckets at a time, I propose
attaching a bucket overflow system to harvest higher amounts of water, by using
large rain barrels and attaching multiple rain barrels with pipes to
automatically fill the next barrel when full. This will take a little
engineering and supplies from the city. Hopefully neighbors will see the system
and start saving roof run off. However start-up costs will be slow so buying
one rain barrel at a time is best and most cost effective.
Film Club: I have many Disney films
in English stored on my computer and am informed that there are speakers that
can be attached at the school. I wish to improve English skills in a fun
interactive way, as well as teach about culture and a little touch of history.
My plan is to give a quick culture or history lesson based on the film then let
children watch the film keeping a word bank of words they heard and don’t know,
at the end they will be asked to write one paragraph summary of the movie in
English for extra credit, this will improve their listening and comprehension
skills as well as give a platform to discuss culture such as colonialization,
last names, pets in developed countries, cars, farms, and more.
Basic computer skills class: it is
rumored that the school may be getting a few computers from the government for
student use. Since both teachers and especially students have limited knowledge
of computers, and since it is a very important knowledge for professionals I
wish to start an basic computer skills course covering topics like word, excel
and internet browsing.
HIV/Family Planning Classes: I was
asked by the school English teacher if I could teach a course on family
planning covering topics of birth control and why limiting family size may be
beneficial. This topic is very close to HIV/ AIDS knowledge and doing a week
long combined lessons would be beneficial. I wish to partner with a nearby
health PCV and the health Center to talk about availability of contraception’s
and the science behind HIV.
Priority
Ranking of REAL Projects according to CP 10/15/15
|
|
Permagarden
|
Intercrop
|
Club Garden
|
roof catch
|
Bee keeping
|
compost
|
Erosion class
|
Sch. Tree. nurs
|
|
Permagarden
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Intercrop
|
Inter.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Club Garden
|
club
|
Inter.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
roof catch
|
roof
|
roof
|
club
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bee keeping
|
bee
|
inter
|
club
|
roof
|
|
|
|
|
|
Compost
|
Comp.
|
comp
|
comp
|
comp
|
comp
|
|
|
|
|
Erosion class.
|
erosion
|
erosion
|
erosion
|
erosion
|
erosion
|
erosion
|
|
|
|
Sch. Tree. nurs
|
tree
|
tree
|
tree
|
tree
|
tree
|
tree
|
tree
|
|
1.
School tree nursery
2.
Erosion Class
3.
Compost preparation training
4.
Club Garden
5.
Intercrop trainings
6.
Permagarden trainings
***Since both school tree nursery and garden
development are linked to the Environmen/garden club at the school, It make
chronological sence to start with the permagarden training and follow with the
tree nursery establishment.
[1]
Endawke Yohanes 30 yr, Plant Science DA “FTC Stats” 10/5/2015
[2]Atse
Yohanes, town chairman, history questions 10/10/2015
[3]
Alemsew Tesfay 35 yr natural resource DA “FTC interview” 6/4/2015
[4]
Google Earth Pro 10/18/2013 imagery
[5]
Google Earth Pro 10/18/2013 imagery
[6]
FTC Stats
[7]
Alemsew FTC interview
[8]
Baleta dress 28yr, educational supervisor, “school stats” 10/7/2015
[9]
Baleta dress “school stats”
[10]
Baleta dress “school stats”
[11]
Berhanu Chekola, 7th-8th English teacher, 9/21/15
[12]
Debre Zebit Club Roster 2006
[13]
Alemsew FTC interview
[14]
Endawke Yohanes 30 yr, Plant Science DA “FTC interview” 7/30/2015
[15]
Alemsew FTC interview
[16]
Endawke FTC interview
[17]
Endawke FTC interview
[18]
Endawke FTC interview
[19]
Endawke FTC interview
[20]
Yetebiya Digisie, 60 yr, farmer/ Nursery overseer “Tree Nursery interview” 5/8/2015
[21]
Tree nursery interview
[23]
Tree nursery interview
[24]
PSNP 4 Beneficiary Information 2007
[25]
Endawke Yohanes “FTC interview”
[26]
Endawke Yohanes “FTC interview”
[27]
Rendered Via Google Earth Pro by Nicole Stinchcomb 10/13/2015
[28]
Endawke Yohanes 30yr, plant Science DE “community Groups/structures” 10/7/2015
[29]
Endawke Yohanes, 30 yr, Plant Science DA, “Community Groups/structures
interview”
[30]
Community Groups/structures
[31]
Nicole Stinchcomb, G12 Real Project, UTM 37N Renderd in QGIS, data from
Colombia university
